The earliest pivotal CAR-T trial for R/R DLBCL, utilizing CD19-targeted CAR-T with CD28 costimulatory domain. The ZUMA series has advanced to ZUMA 9 and real-world research, enrolling over 295 patients. Key findings: CD28-based CAR-T triggers rapid, severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS); 32% of patients required ICU admission for CRS. Re-administering identical CAR-T cells to partial response (PR) patients fails to boost efficacy.

Genetic testing is indispensable for hematological disease management. For acute leukemia, it supports diagnosis, prognosis assessment and treatment guidance. However, interpreting genetic mutation reports is highly complex. Clinicians must distinguish germline (inherited) mutations from somatic tumor-derived variants, clarify whether germline variants contribute to leukemia susceptibility, analyze mutation loci, variant combinations, and their impacts on prognosis and target